The bed bug (Cimex lectularius) is a wingless, red-brown insect that feeds on blood. It is small (about the size of an apple seed) and you can see them without a magnifying glass. Bed bugs are not considered a public health risk because they are not known to spread diseases. They can, however, cause skin irritations and sleepless nights.

Bed bugs usually live from four months to a year. They hide in cracks and crevices in beds, wooden furniture, floors, and walls during the daytime. At night, they emerge from hiding and feed on their preferred host: humans. 

In 2005, the Health Department began receiving complaint about bed bugs in the city. In response, we have developed several presentations and brochures to assist residents and businesses in the city. 

WHEN TRAVELING

• Use a soft bag that can be put in the washer and dryer.
• Upon checking in to a hotel room, inspect the mattress, headboard, behind hanging pictures or loose wallpaper, along the baseboards, and on the fabric straps of the luggage rack. You are looking for live bugs or evidence of an infestation, such as fecal or blood spots, eggs, and molted skins.
• Keep your luggage on the luggage rack (inspect carefully, especially under the fabric straps). Luggage may also be kept on a table away from the bed or in the bathroom.
• Don't put clothes in the dresser drawers.
• Vacuum suitcases and put all clothes (clean and dirty) into the dryer immediately upon return.
• Do not store luggage in the bedroom.

AT HOME

• Vacuum carpets and along baseboards regularly. Throw vacuum bag away outdoors as soon as you are done vacuuming.
• Do not pick up used furniture that someone has put out for trash. The better the item looks, the more likely it is infested with bed bugs. Leave it by the curb!
• Protect your mattress and box springs with bed bug proof mattress covers.
• Reduce clutter in your home to reduce places where bed bugs can hide.
• Be careful when buying used items. Inspect them for bed bugs before bringing them into the house.

HOUSE GUESTS

• Encase guest room mattresses and box springs with bed bug proof mattress covers.
• Remove as much clutter as possible from the room.
• If possible, discreetly inspect luggage and clothes while unpacking.
• Keep luggage away from the bed and off the floor. You may consider having the guest store their belongings in a plastic storage bin with the lid on.
• After the guest leaves, inspect the room and vacuum thoroughly, especially along baseboards, and inspect the mattress, headboard, drawers, and the place where luggage was stored.

If you find a bed bug in your hotel, motel, hostel or bed and breakfast room, notify the proprietor immediately. If the facility is in the City of Alexandria, you can also report it to the Alexandria Health Department, Environmental Health Division at 703.746.4910. Visit our complaints page to read more about making a complaint.

If you are a renter and you discover bed bugs, immediately report the problem to your landlord or management company; they may have a plan already in place to deal with the problem. Simply discarding beds and bedding is not a good approach to bed bug management.  Bed bugs will spread quickly to walls, molding, ceilings, light fixtures, electronics, picture frames and spaces within and along floor boards and the edges of carpets.  It is difficult to manage a bed bug problem by yourself, so it is always a good idea to hire a licensed pest control company. 

Bed bugs are likely being transferred from place to place through infested furniture and discarded objects. DO NOT take furniture from in or around a trash area even though you may not see bugs they may be present.  If you are discarding furniture that may have bed bugs be sure to slash mattresses and plush furniture, break box spring frames, and label items with the word “bed bugs” to prevent the spread of bed bugs in your community.  Wrap discarded items in plastic sheeting and tape to avoid dropping bed bugs during transport.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF BUILDING MANAGEMENT AND STAFF:

• Encourage tenants or guests to report bed bugs (unreported and uncontrolled bed bugs will spread quickly)
• Keep records of bed bug (or other pest) complaints on site in a log book
• Respond quickly to complaints with an inspection and intervention
• Develop an aggressive bed bug control protocol with elimination as the goal
• Raise tenant or guest awareness about bed bugs
• Institute a prevention program, centered on awareness
• Refer tenants and guests to the proper sources of help (medical, health, financial, and social services)

RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESIDENTS:

• Read and follow all guidelines given by building management for reporting signs of bed bugs, and for cleaning and room preparation.
• Cooperate with staff and management in preventing and controlling bed bugs whether your individual living space is infested or not.
• Know the signs of bed bugs and check constantly for signs of them in your living space.
• Encourage other tenants to follow guidelines and cooperate with management.

Getting rid of bed bugs is difficult and time consuming, but it can be done. Residents and landlord or property management must work together to succeed. There is no single tool or activity that, used alone, will eliminate bed bugs, including pesticides. Multiple techniques are always required because bed bugs are small, good at hiding, and can live without feeding for many months. Treatment of a living area for bed bugs should focus on containment of the infestation. Do everything possible to avoid spreading bed bugs to new locations.  A combination of the following steps will be needed for bed bug control:

• Clean and organize the bed, bedroom, other living areas, furniture and belongings, including elimination of clutter
• Physical removal of bed bugs and eggs using a vacuum (dispose of the vacuum bag immediately, bugs can survive and crawl back out of the bag)
• Barriers, such as mattress encasements and sticky barriers (sticky traps may be useful for monitoring but will not help control bed bugs)
• Steam or cold treatments (to kill all life stages)
• Eliminate bed bug hiding spots
       o Fix peeling wallpaper and paint
       o Caulk or seal cracks and crevices around the room and on furniture
       o Seal floors or the spaces between floor boards or tiles
       o Make other repairs to the living area to reduce hiding spots
• Chemical applications
       o Low risk pesticides
       o Professional use pesticides
       o Professional fumigation

• The pest management company should be licensed by the state and insured.
• The company should be a member of a professional organization, such as the National Pest Management Association.
• The company should have a staff entomologist or access to one.
• Technicians should have experience with bed bug management.
• Choose a company based on their quality of service, not the price. Get several proposals for service if possible and compare them.
• A pre-inspection should be conducted to assess the scope of the work.
• The proposed work should follow the steps of integrated pest management, not just pesticide application.
• Technicians should be straightforward and open when discussing details of their service.
• Understand what guarantees are being offered. Bed bug management may be difficult to guarantee, because re-infestation from an outside source is possible.

• Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite! (.pdf) -- (en español ) 
• Control of Bed Bugs in Hotel Rooms (.pdf)
• Bed bug fact sheets and presentations from the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services www.vdacs.virginia.gov/pesticides/bedbugs-facts.shtml
• For more information on the Biology and Control of Bed Bugs click to view a Bed Bug presentation.